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href="#nmap端口扫描" class="header-anchor">#</a></h1> <p><a href="https://nmap.org/man/zh/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">nmap官方文档<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></p> <h1 id="常用参数">常用参数 <a href="#常用参数" class="header-anchor">#</a></h1> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>nmap -T4 -A -v -Pn IP	
<span class="token comment">#最常用的一种扫描</span>

-T4		<span class="token comment">#设置时序，越高扫描越快</span>
-A		<span class="token comment">#启用操作系统检测，版本检测，脚本扫描和跟踪路由</span>
-v		<span class="token comment">#增加详细级别（使用-vv或更高级别以获得更好的效果）</span>
-Pn		<span class="token comment">#无ping扫描</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><h2 id="主机发现">主机发现 <a href="#主机发现" class="header-anchor">#</a></h2> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>nmap <span class="token punctuation">[</span>Scan Type<span class="token punctuation">(</span>s<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>Options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>target specification<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token comment">#指令格式</span>

<span class="token comment">#Scan Types 指探测类型：</span>
-PS 指 TCP SYN Ping，
-PA 指 TCP ACK Ping，
-PU 指 UDP Ping
-PE 
<span class="token comment">#ICMP Ping，现在很多主机封锁这些报文，适用于管理员监视内部网络</span>

<span class="token comment">#Options 指探测选项：</span>
-n 指不对活动的 IP 地址进行反向域名解析，用以提高扫描速度
-R 指对活动的 IP 进行反向域名解析

<span class="token comment">#target specification 指探测的目标地址或 IP 地址范围</span>
<span class="token number">192.168</span>.0.1-255

</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br></div></div><p><strong>默认主机发现扫描</strong></p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>nmap <span class="token number">192.168</span>.0.1-255
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>Nmap 会发送一个 ICMP echo 请求，一个 TCP SYN 包给 443 端口，一个 TCP ACK 包给 80 端口和一个 ICMP 时间戳请求</p> <p>这就等价于使用命令 <code>nmap -PE -PS443 -PA80 -PP 192.168.0.1-255</code></p> <p>此命令返回一个 IP 地址段中活动的主机，及其 IP 地址，主机域名，开启的服务以及相应的端口，MAC 地址等信息</p> <p><strong>其它命令</strong></p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>nmap -sP <span class="token number">192.168</span>.0.1-255	<span class="token comment">#ping扫描，只列出存活主机，速度最快</span>
nmap -Pn <span class="token number">192.168</span>.0.1-255	<span class="token comment">#无ping扫描，结果和默认主机发现一样</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h2 id="其它参数">其它参数 <a href="#其它参数" class="header-anchor">#</a></h2> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>-O	<span class="token comment">#启用操作系统检测</span>
-sV	<span class="token comment">#探测服务版本信息</span>
-v	<span class="token comment">#增加详细级别（使用-vv或更高级别以获得更好的效果）</span>
--script<span class="token operator">=</span>script_name	<span class="token comment">#使用nse脚本</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><h1 id="端口扫描">端口扫描 <a href="#端口扫描" class="header-anchor">#</a></h1> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>nmap -p <span class="token number">1</span>-65535 <span class="token number">192.168</span>.0.8		<span class="token comment"># -p选项，只扫描指定的端口</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h2 id="nmap所识别的6个端口状态">Nmap所识别的6个端口状态 <a href="#nmap所识别的6个端口状态" class="header-anchor">#</a></h2> <p><strong>open(开放的)</strong></p> <p>应用程序正在该端口接收TCP 连接或者UDP报文。</p> <p><strong>closed(关闭的)</strong></p> <p>关闭的端口对于Nmap也是可访问的(它接受Nmap的探测报文并作出响应)， 但没有应用程序在其上监听。</p> <p><strong>filtered(被过滤的)</strong></p> <p>由于包过滤阻止探测报文到达端口， Nmap无法确定该端口是否开放。</p> <p>过滤可能来自专业的防火墙设备，路由器规则 或者主机上的软件防火墙。</p> <p><strong>unfiltered(未被过滤的)</strong></p> <p>未被过滤状态意味着端口可访问，但Nmap不能确定它是开放还是关闭。</p> <p>只有用于映射防火墙规则集的ACK扫描才会把端口分类到这种状态。</p> <p>用其它类型的扫描如窗口扫描，SYN扫描，或者FIN扫描来扫描未被过滤的端口可以帮助确定 端口是否开放。</p> <p><strong>open|filtered(开放或者被过滤的)</strong></p> <p>当无法确定端口是开放还是被过滤的，Nmap就把该端口划分成 这种状态。</p> <p>开放的端口不响应就是一个例子。没有响应也可能意味着报文过滤器丢弃 了探测报文或者它引发的任何响应。</p> <p>因此Nmap无法确定该端口是开放的还是被过滤的。 UDP，IP协议， FIN，Null，和Xmas扫描可能把端口归入此类。</p> <p><strong>closed|filtered(关闭或者被过滤的)</strong></p> <p>该状态用于Nmap不能确定端口是关闭的还是被过滤的。 它只可能出现在IPID Idle扫描中。</p> <h2 id="端口扫描技术">端口扫描技术 <a href="#端口扫描技术" class="header-anchor">#</a></h2> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment">#只列举常见的，详细可参考官方文档</span>
  -sT	<span class="token comment">#TCP连接扫描</span>
  -sS	<span class="token comment">#SYN扫描</span>
  -sU	<span class="token comment">#UDP扫描</span>
  -sA	<span class="token comment">#ACK扫描</span>
  -sF	<span class="token comment">#FIN扫描</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><p><strong>TCP连接扫描</strong></p> <p>使用操作系统的网络连接系统调用 connect()，对目标主机发起 TCP 三路握手，待完成后 Nmap 立即中断此次连接。</p> <p>Nmap 通过获取每个尝试连接的状态信息来判定侦测端口的状态</p> <p><strong>SYN扫描</strong></p> <p>Nmap 产生一个 SYN 数据报文，如果侦测端口开放并返回 SYN-ACK 响应报文</p> <p>Nmap 据此发送 RST 报文给侦测端口结束当前连接，这样做的好处在于缩短了端口扫描时间</p> <p><strong>UDP扫描</strong></p> <p>UDP 本身是无连接的协议，Nmap 向目标主机的端口发送 UDP 探测报文</p> <p>如果端口没有开放，被侦测主机将会发送一个 ICMP 端口不可到达的消息</p> <p>Nmap 根据这个消息确定端口闭合（closed）或者被过滤 (unfiltered)</p> <p>通常没有回复意味着端口是开放（open）状态 。</p> <p><strong>ACK扫描</strong></p> <p>这种扫描比较特殊，它不能确切知道端口的基本状态，而是主要用来探测防火墙是否存在以及其中设定的过滤规则</p> <p><strong>FIN扫描</strong></p> <p>和 SYN 扫描相比，这种方式更为隐蔽，因此能够穿过防火墙的过滤</p> <p>关闭（closed）端口将会返回合适的 RST 报文，而开放端口将忽略这样的侦测报文</p> <p>具备类似防火墙不敏感特性的还有 -sN NULL 扫描，-sX X-mas 扫描。</p> <h1 id="防火墙-ids逃逸">防火墙/IDS逃逸 <a href="#防火墙-ids逃逸" class="header-anchor">#</a></h1> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>nmap -f --mtu<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">16</span> <span class="token number">192.168</span>.0.8
<span class="token comment">#报文分段，mtu必须是8的倍数</span>

nmap -sI www.0day.com:80 <span class="token number">192.168</span>.0.8	
<span class="token comment">#源IP欺骗</span>

nmap --source-port <span class="token number">53</span> <span class="token number">192.168</span>.0.8		
<span class="token comment">#源端口欺骗</span>
<span class="token comment">#防火墙对服务器的设置会根据端口选择是否信任数据流</span>
<span class="token comment">#管理员可能会认为这些端口不会有攻击发生，所以可以利用这些端口扫描</span>

nmap --data-length <span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">192.168</span>.0.8
<span class="token comment">#在原来报文基础上，附加随机数据，达到规避防火墙的效果</span>

nmap --spoof-mac <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">192.168</span>.0.8
<span class="token comment">#指定一个随机的MAC地址</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br></div></div></div> <footer class="page-edit"><!----> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">12/18/2021, 12:46:42 PM</span></div></footer> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev"><a href="/knowledge/base/docker-base.html" class="prev"><i aria-label="icon: left" class="anticon anticon-left"><svg viewBox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" data-icon="left" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M724 218.3V141c0-6.7-7.7-10.4-12.9-6.3L260.3 486.8a31.86 31.86 0 0 0 0 50.3l450.8 352.1c5.3 4.1 12.9.4 12.9-6.3v-77.3c0-4.9-2.3-9.6-6.1-12.6l-360-281 360-281.1c3.8-3 6.1-7.7 6.1-12.6z"></path></svg></i>
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